![]() ![]() However, these approaches require surgical teams to wear lead protection. The evolution of minimally invasive spine (MIS) approaches introduced 2D fluoroscopy using K wires and EMG neuromonitoring to insert percutaneous pedicle screws and have higher accuracy rates of 90.2–97.5% ( 2, 4). Accuracy of screw placement improves to 86.6–94.9% with 2D fluoroscopy ( 2, 3). Traditional open spine surgery using anatomical landmarks results in rates of free-hand pedicle screw misplacement as high as 40% according to post-operative CT imaging ( 1). Surgeons and hospital administrators do not have sufficient information to compare imaging, navigation, and robotics technologies when making purchasing decisions. Contemporary assistive technology options demonstrate a high rate of accuracy for pedicle screw placement. ![]() The range of imaging, navigation, and robotics technologies available for spinal fusion surgery has significantly increased. Keywords: 3D fluoroscopy imaging navigation robotics spinal fusion (VII) New robotic arm platforms require more clinical and health economic data to justify increased costs. (VI) Radiation safety awareness that new 3D-fluoroscopy units can deliver radiation comparable to that of CT is needed. (V) Intraoperative CT is more useful for imaging long constructs, high BMI, or cervicothoracic anatomy. (IV) 3D fluoroscopy provides the greatest benefit when speed, operative efficiency, and mobility are required. (III) Navigation systems that offer a universal registration mechanism should be standard. (II) Imaging systems that have maximum compatibility with navigation and robotics platforms are optimal. (I) Open-platform navigation and robotics systems that provide surgeons with access to all software and hardware features regardless of implant choice are preferred. Key recommendations include the following. Guidelines for optimal use and combinations are provided based on surgical approach, operative site, patient anatomy, optimal image quality, and workflow efficiency. We summarize currently available navigation, robotics, and imaging technologies for spinal surgery, highlighting key characteristics, utility, differences, price, and compatibility with other technologies and spinal implants. However, surgeons and hospital administrators may lack sufficient information to compare options and make purchasing decisions. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research MisconductĪbstract: The range of assistive technology options available for spinal fusion surgery has significantly increased.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process. ![]()
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